Table 1

Review of penetrating skull base injuries caused by screwdriver
*Author*	*Cases*	*Cause*	*Therapy*	*Outcome*	*Comments*

Smrkolj V. 1995	two	Homicidal attempt	Surgery	Died	Left hemiplegia, right internal carotid artery thrombosis
		Suicidal attempt	Surgery	Died	Brain edema and right anterior cerebral artery infarction
Anderson S.A. 1996	one	Suicidal attempt	No surgery	Survived	Right orbital injury No deficits
Evans R.J. 1996	one	Accident	No surgery	Died	Hard palate impalement
Li T. 2000	one	Homicidal attempt	No surgery	Died	Two weeks later: basilar-cavernous fistula and basilar artery aneurysm
Tutton M.G. 2000	four	Homicidal attempt	No surgery	Survived	Left parietal hemorrhage involving lateral ventricles; right hemiplegia, mild dysphasia
			No surgery	Survived	Intracerebral haematoma in the left frontal lobe with an overlying skull vault fracture
			Surgery	Died	Depression of the left temporal fossa with acute sub-dural hemorrhage (died two days after surgery)
			No Surgery	Died	Tip of the screwdriver penetrated into the brain stem
Wong S.C. 2002	one	Accident	No surgery	Survived	Traumatic optic neuropathy
De Tommasi A. 2006	one	Accident	Surgery	Survived	No deficits

De Tommasi et al. World Journal of Emergency Surgery 2006 1:36 doi:10.1186/1749-7922-1-36